How to Submit a PCR Test for PDD (Proventricular Dilatation Disease)

How to Submit a PCR Test for PDD (Proventricular Dilatation Disease)
PDD (Proventricular Dilatation Disease) is a serious viral disease in birds caused by the Avian Bornavirus (ABV). To ensure accurate diagnosis via PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), proper sample collection and handling are crucial. Here are the steps and requirements:

1. Types of Samples Required
To increase the accuracy of the test (since the virus may not be shed constantly), it is recommended to submit multiple types of samples:

Blood Sample: Approximately 0.2 - 0.5 ml of whole blood collected in an EDTA tube (purple top). This is used to detect the presence of the virus in the bloodstream.
Cloacal Swab: Use a sterile swab to collect a sample from the bird's cloaca. This helps detect viral shedding through the digestive tract.
Environmental/Fecal Sample: In some cases, fresh droppings may also be tested.
2. Sample Collection Procedures
Sterility: Always use sterile equipment for each bird to prevent cross-contamination.
Labeling: Clearly label each sample container with the bird’s ID, species, owner's name, and date of collection.
3. Storage and Transportation
Temperature: Samples should be kept cool but not frozen during transport. Use an insulated container (like a foam box) with ice packs.
Timing: Samples should reach the laboratory as soon as possible, ideally within 24–48 hours of collection, to maintain the integrity of the viral RNA.
4. Documentation
Fill out the laboratory submission form completely, providing clinical history such as:

Symptoms (e.g., weight loss, undigested seeds in droppings, neurological signs).
History of exposure to other birds.
Previous test results (if any).
5. Important Considerations
Intermittent Shedding: Since birds do not shed the virus continuously, a single negative PCR result does not 100% rule out PDD. Retesting or combining with other diagnostic methods (like X-rays or biopsies) may be necessary.
Early Detection: Testing is vital for managing bird collections and preventing the spread of the virus to healthy birds.